Britain’s chimneys and chimney sweeps

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Britain’s earliest chimneys were strictly for the rich, and in the Tudor era, they were the must-have accessory. The aristocracy’s news feeds were clogged with targeted ads saying, Heat Your Castle the Modern Way. 

Heat Your Hovel ads didn’t show up for many a year. 

Hovel-dwellers didn’t have news feeds anyway.

Hovel-dwellers lived in single-story houses with a central fire whose smoke worked its way out through the roof (thatch is good that way, and I’ve heard that slates aren’t bad) or through a hole in the roof. If you were clever about covering the hole, you could let the smoke out and keep the rain from pouring in, all in one go, but no matter how clever you were, above a certain height these houses were smoky.  

Irrelevant photo: osteospermum, with a bit of valerian getting ready to bloom.

With the introduction of the chimney, though, at least some of the the smoke went politely up and out, changing the residents’ lives and lungs. On the other hand, a good bit of the fire’s warmth was polite enough to follow the smoke, so the change wasn’t all about gain.

If you have a third hand, balance this on it: Chimneys also meant you could heat a second story. You could even add heat to rooms that didn’t have fireplaces. All they had to do was cuddle up against the back of the chimney and suck up a bit of warmth. 

By the seventeenth century, enough chimneys had been built around the country that they were worth taxing. Enter the hearth tax, which was based on the size of the house and, most importantly, the number of chimneys it had. 

So what did the rich do? To minimize taxes, they started running the flues of multiple fireplaces up a single chimney.  Many fireplaces, many flues, fewer chimneys. In a big house, they’d still end up with more than one chimney, but nowhere near as many as they had fireplaces.

What innocents they were back then. Today, they’d just build the chimney in a tax haven and have as many as they wanted. So what if it cost more to build them there and import the heat? They’d still be saving on taxes, and the point of the game, once you have that kind of money, is to pay as little in taxes as possible and then yell, “I win!”

Nothing I’ve read tells me how people first discovered that chimneys had to be cleaned, but I’m reasonably sure the realization took the form of chimney fires, complete with the neighbors standing around saying, “I could’ve told them this would happen.” Or whatever the era-appropriate version of withering scorn was.

That’s how the occupation of the chimney sweep  was born, and when the country’s primary fuel shifted from wood to coal, which lines chimneys with creosote, it became even more important.

I’d love to pinpoint the moment when children were first used as sweeps, but I can’t find any information on it. My best guess is that children working in dirty and dangerous occupations was so much a part of life that for a long time it was barely worth mentioning. Kids worked in mines and quarries and everywhere else. In slate quarrying country, where I live, they’d send boys over the cliffs in baskets to set the explosives. It only made sense: They were lighter than the adults. 

A website maintained by a chimney sweeping outfit in Hartford, Connecticut, doesn’t give a start date but does say that kids were used most heavily as sweeps during the two hundred years between with the Great Fire of London (that’s 1666) and the mid-nineteenth century, when Britain outlawed them. I can’t vouch for its accuracy, but any number of chimney sweepers’ sites include some history of the trade, and they’re reasonably consistent.

So let’s talk about those kids. The apprentices to master sweeps were usually boys but sometimes girls, and they were generally paupers or orphans. Anyone who had choices in life would look somewhere else for their kid’s apprenticeship. 

How old were they? Well, they had to be strong enough to be useful but small enough to climb up the inside of a chimney. And since narrow flues created a better draft, you’d be talking about a very small kid–usually around six, but they could (rarely) be as young as four.

And here we circle back to all those flues running up a single chimney. Remember them? The flues made sharp turns and had awkward angles, making them that much harder to get through and putting even more of a premium on smallness.

The kids worked their way up the chimneys using their backs, elbows, and knees, knocking the soot loose with a brush as they went, so it fell on and past them.

According to some sources, the apprenticeships were for seven years and according to others until the apprentice was an adult, although reaching adulthood wasn’t guaranteed. The dangers of sweeping chimneys included getting stuck, suffocating, and breathing the carcinogenic soot (one form of cancer was common enough to be called chimney sweep cancer). The kids also lived in the soot, because we’re talking about people who had minimal chances to wash and who generally slept on the sacks of soot that they collected and the master sweep sold. They grew up stunted and deformed and were prone not just to cancer but to lung problems. 

So yes,it was just like in Mary Poppins, all singing and dancing along the rooftops.

They also had to contend with hot chimneys and rough brick on their knees, elbows, and backs.

Their conditions horrified a fair number of respectable people, and many attempts were made to improve their conditions, mostly without changing anything substantial, although over time the pressure did grow. The turning point came when a twelve-year-old, George Brewster, got stuck in a chimney. A wall was pulled down and he was gotten out, but he died not long after. After that, child sweeps were finally banned.

The sweeps were replaced with brushes on long, long handles, which an adult could work up a chimney.

The bright spot in sweeps’ lives was their one yearly holiday, May Day, which coincided with local celebrations that predated chimneys and sweeps–and Christianity, for that matter. In a few places, May Day is officially a sweeps’ festival. 

Why that day? No idea. We just have to accept that it is and go with it.

I’ll leave you with a link to William Blake’s poem about a child chimney sweep. He wrote two versions. This strikes me as the stronger of them.

65 thoughts on “Britain’s chimneys and chimney sweeps”

  2. For the sake of completeness (and never being able to pipe down) it’s also worth a reference to how Dickens’s Oliver Twist narrowly escaped being sent up chimneys:
    https://www.gutenberg.org/files/730/730-h/730-h.htm#chap03

    And if, like me, you grew up in a household of inherited Victorian books, you might not escape Charles Kingsley’s Water Babies, which is probably unreadable now:
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby

    I also read somewhere that in Germany being a sweep is one of those protected trades where you have to go through a prescribed training and examination before you can set up in business (the Germans are quite hot on such things) – but it tends to involve a lot more than just sweeping.

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  7. Hmmm, I looked at the poem. I expected it to start with Chim chiminey – Chim chiminey -Chim chim cher-ee!

    Oh well. I guess I need to be more careful on my sources for history.

    It’s good to see that the economic theory of “do what gets rewarded and avoid what is taxed” dates back well into the past. Amazing the tax collectors haven’t noticed.

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  10. There is even a Benjamin Britten opera, The Little Sweep, in which a family of posh children find, rescue, and wash, a climbing boy. I particularly remember the washing! There are some fina arias and quite a bit of modernist audience participation. The horrors of child labour are clear but the happy ending is what makes it suitable Christmas entertainment.

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  11. “like” might be too strong a word for me today on this one. rich, poor, rich, poor. the poor will always be with us, thus sayeth the bible somewhere. But do the poor have to suffer like the chimney sweeps to keep the rich folks’ taxes down. Not mentioned as a follow up in the bible verse.

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  17. Child labor. Ugh. They got killed on farms, in factories, by going up chimneys…all during a time when there was kind of a weird cult of childhood (talking the Victorians, here). It’s interesting that the apprenticeship lasted until they were grown (but I assume, part of that is the parents get to have someone else feed the kid), so I imagine successive children looking after each other and teaching one another to sweep.

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    • There were master sweeps–adults. The ones who survived their apprenticeships. To what extent children taught children, I don’t know. I do know that for less brutal trades, parents paid for their kids’ apprenticeships. For something like sweeping, I expect the only parents who’d let their kids do it were facing starvation, so dying slowly (or possibly surviving) was preferable.

      I read once, years ago, that sentimentality and brutality go hand in hand. Because I couldn’t make much sense of it, it stayed with me. When you think about the Victorians and their cult of childhood and pair that with the brutal reality of childhood outside the (theoretical) safety of upper-class homes, it begins to make sense.

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  20. “Unsurprisingly, the average life expectancy contrasted greatly between town and countryside and also shows a great disparity between social classes. In 1840, 57% of the poor children living in Manchester died before they were 5 years. In rural areas this was 32%. An agricultural worker in Rutland had a life-expectancy of 38, a factory worker in Liverpool, a life expectancy of 15 years. Urban living was not conducive to good health for the poorer classes particularly and cholera thrived in situations where there was an impure water supply. “
    https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/victorian-industrial-towns/
    Children Factory Workers
    https://i.imgur.com/yEHS0x3.jpeg

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  21. People from the British Isles were kidnapped, put in chains and crammed into ships that transported hundreds of them at a time. Their destination was Virginia Boston, New York, Barbados and the West Indies. The white slaves were treated the same or worse than the black slave. The white slave did not fetch a good price at the auction blocks. Bridenbaugh wrote in his accounting on page 118, that having paid a bigger price for the Negro, the planters treated the black better than they did their “Christian” white servant. Even the Negroes recognized this and did not hesitate to show their contempt for those white men who, they could see, were worse off than themselves.

    https://web.archive.org/web/20220525111540/https://www.educationviews.org/white-slaves-america/

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    • I did a little fact checking here, and Snopes–an online fact-checking site–rates this as half true. (I limited my search to Ireland for the sake of simplicity. You can extend it yourself if you want.) I’ll quote only a short piece, because what follows is long for this space, but it’s well worth reading.

      “What’s True: Like impoverished people of other nationalities and ethnicities, many people emigrated from Ireland to the Americas in the 17th and 18th centuries as indentured servants; a smaller number were forcibly banished into indentured servitude during the period of the English Civil Wars; indentured servants often lived and worked under harsh conditions and were sometimes treated cruelly.

      “What’s False: Unlike institutionalized chattel slavery, indentured servitude was neither hereditary nor lifelong; unlike Black slaves, white indentured servants had legal rights; unlike Black slaves, indentured servants weren’t considered property.”

      https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/irish-slaves-early-america/

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