Let’s re-write a bit of English history. Not because it doesn’t match our politics or the color of the couch but because some pesky historian’s gone and dug up new material, calling the old story into question. 

The old story

If your history lessons included the Battle of Hastings (mine didn’t), you’ll have a kneejerk reaction to the date 1066, when Harold, last of the Anglo-Saxon kings, lost his crown–not to mention his life–to William, first of the Norman kings.

The way you will have been taught the story is that before Harold fought William he marched his troops way the hell north to fight off an invasion by a different Harald, Harald of Norway. The different spellings almost help a person tell them apart but you can call the second one Harald Hardrada if that makes it easier.

Edward the Confessor, as seen in the Bayeux Tapestry. He’s smiling because he won’t be around when the shit starts to fly.. He’s not mentioned in the post, but he–or at least his death and his lack of a son–are the backstory to the Norman invasion.

The English Harold beat the Norwegian Harald and got a minute or two to pop champagne corks and celebrate before he had to march his troops back down the length of the country to fight off a second invasion, this one by the Normans. So off they slog to the south coast.

By the time they got there, Harold’s troops were tired, they were crabby, and energy drinks were centuries in the future. Not even tea was available. So they lost the battle. End of England as an Anglo-Saxon country. Beginning of Norman England.

You can call that march an impressive bit of generalship or you can call Harold a damn fool for fighting William before his men had time to rest. Historians have done both. 

Now, though, a new theory from historian Tom Licence offers to overturn the old one. It says Harold’s troops didn’t march at all. They sailed. 

They did what?

The Norman invasion was no sneak attack. Even in an era without Ring doorbells and without CCTV tucked into every holly bush, William couldn’t put his fleet together without half the known world knowing what he was up to. It was too big an operation. So Harold (that’s the English one) spent the summer waiting for him on the south coast, with both an army and a fleet of ships. And during all that time, nothing happened. In September, he had them pack it in and– 

Well, here’s where the old and the new theory divide. The old one holds that the ships sailed back to  their home ports. That’s based on a line in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the best reliable source from an era notably short on reliable sources. “After the fleet came home,” it says. 

If that means they went to their home ports, Harold would’ve been pretty well shipless when news came that Harald Hardrada–remember him?–was invading up north.

The Chronicle does refer to Harold–that’s the English Harold–having a fleet on the River Wharfe, which is south of York and roughly the right area for this fight, but it’s been widely understood to mean some force he’d thrown together in a hurry. It would’ve had to be. The fleet had gone home. So after the battle and in the absence of ships, the only way for Harold to get his troops south was a long, hurried march. 

The new theory

Licence argues that he had ships. A Chronicle entry from 1052 mentions the fleet going “homeward to London.” Home was London. Backing up the argument, two early accounts in Latin have Harold sending a fleet against William at Hastings. Historians of the long march school haven’t known what to do with them. 

None of the texts say Harold marched his troops. They also don’t say he sailed them. All they say is that he “moved” them. But they do say he sent ships–hundreds of them–against William. It’s tempting to take a leap–as Licence does–and decide that those were the ships Harold had up north, and that he might’ve added some captured Viking ships to his fleet, since 300 sailed to England and only 24 made it back to Norway. 

My math may be terrible but even I can spot a difference there. 

Given that in either version of the story Harold gets shot in the eye with an arrow and William becomes the new king, does it matter?

Yes. Also no. It probably matters most if you’re a historian. If the new theory convinces you, you’ll now be looking for other ways to explain why Harold lost to William once exhaustion and a lack of caffeine are ruled out. But it also matters if you want to think about the wrong answers you had to memorize in order to graduate from whatever you graduated from. Stuff like that can keep us humble. Or it can keep us smug. 

Your choice. 

And speaking of things my history textbooks left out

In 1816, the relatively young United States was worried about a British attack from across the Canadian border, so it built a fort on Lake Champlain.  A year or two later, somebody thought to do a new survey and the fort turned out to be entirely inside Canada.

Construction stopped, the site was abandoned, and the building materials were scavenged by people building homes. I can’t help thinking that fingers were pointed and blame was cast, quite possibly at the least responsible people.

Then in 1842 treaty gave the site and a few other bits and pieces to the US, which constructed a second fort on the first site and named it Fort Montgomery, after a Revolutionary War soldier who was killed during a 1775 invasion of Canada that I never heard of before today. The original fort was never named but is unofficially known as Fort Blunder.